The collective motion of many groups of animals can be stunning. Flocks of birds
and schools of fish are able to remain cohesive, find food, and avoid predators without
leaders and without awareness of all but a few other members in their groups.
Research using vector analysis and statistics has led to the discovery of simple principles,
such as members maintaining a minimum distance between neighbors while
still aligning with them, which help explain shapes such as the one below.

Although collective motion by groups of animals is often beautiful, it can be costly
as well: Destructive locusts affect ten percent of the world.s population. Many other
animals exhibit group dynamics; some organisms involved are small while their
groups are huge, so researchers. models have to account for distances on vastly
different scales. The resulting equations then must be solved numerically, because of
the incredible number of animals represented. Conclusions from this research will
help manage destructive insects, such as locusts, as well as help speed the movement
of people.ants rarely get stuck in traffic.

Photo by Jose Luis Gomez de Francisco.

For More Information: Swarm Theory, Peter Miller. National Geographic, July 2007.